ABSTRACT: The use of resistant wheat cultivars is a fundamental strategy to minimize the damages caused by blast, a disease caused by the fungus Pyricularia oryzae Triticum (PoT). The objetive of this stydy was to (a) evaluate the reaction to blast of Brazilian wheat cultivars and (b) determine whether there is correlation between severity of symptoms on wheat spikes and “sporulation rate of PoT conidia per gram of wheat spike rachis” (Rscon). Plants of 16 wheat cultivars were grown in greenhouse until flowering (Zadoks stage 65), when their spikes were inoculated with a suspension formed by mixing the conidia of three PoT isolates. The evaluated variables were blast severity on spikes at 5, 7 and 11 days after inoculation (dai) and Rscon. Rachis were evaluated individually to determine the Rscon. Correlation analyzes were carried out between blast severity means on spikes of cultivars at 5, 7 and 11 dai and Rscon. The cultivars TBIO Mestre, TBIO Aton, ORS 1401, ORS 1403, ORS Destak, ORS Feroz, and CD 116 stood out for being classified in the statistical groups with the highest resistance to blast for the four variables considered in the study. The correlation between blast severity on spikes at 5, 7 and 11 dai and Rscon is at most moderate.

RESUMO: A utilização de cultivares de trigo resistentes é estratégia fundamental para minimizar danos causados pela brusone, doença causada pelo fungo Pyricularia oryzae Triticum (PoT). O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar (a) a reação à brusone de cultivares brasileiras de trigo e (b) verificar a correlação entre a severidade dos sintomas na espiga e a “taxa de esporulação de conídios de PoT por g de ráquis de espigas de trigo” (Txcon). Plantas de 16 cultivares de trigo foram conduzidas em casa-de-vegetação até o florescimento (estádio 65 da escala de Zadoks), quando as espigas das mesmas foram submetidas à inoculação com uma suspensão formada pela mistura de conídios de três isolados de PoT. As variáveis avaliadas foram a severidade de brusone nas espigas aos cinco, sete e 11 dias após a inoculação (dai) e a Txcon. A Txcon foi determinada de forma individualizada para os ráquis. Foram realizadas análises de correlação entre as médias de severidade de brusone nas espigas das cultivares aos cinco, sete e 11 dai e a Txcon. As cultivares TBIO Mestre, TBIO Aton, ORS 1401, ORS 1403, ORS Destak, ORS Feroz e CD 116 se destacaram por terem sido classificadas nos grupos estatísticos de maior resistência à brusone para as quatro variáveis consideradas no estudo. A correlação entre a severidade de brusone nas espigas aos cinco, sete e 11 dai e Txcon é, no máximo, moderada.

The use of resistant wheat cultivars is a fundamental strategy to minimize the damages caused by blast, a disease caused by the fungus Pyricularia oryzae Triticum (PoT). The objective of this study was to evaluate (a) the reaction to blast of Brazilian wheat cultivars and (b) to determine whether there is correlation between severity of symptoms on wheat spikes and “sporulation rate of PoT conidia per gram of wheat spike rachis” (Rscon). Plants of 16 wheat cultivars were grown in greenhouse until flowering (Zadoks stage 65), when their spikes were inoculated with a suspension formed by mixing the conidia of three PoT isolates. The evaluated variables were blast severity on spikes at 5, 7 and 11 days after inoculation (dai) and Rscon. Rachis were evaluated individually to determine the Rscon. Correlation analyzes were carried out between blast severity means on spikes of cultivars at 5, 7 and 11 dai and the log of Rscon. The cultivars ORS Feroz, ORS Destak, CD 116, ORS 1403, ORS 1401, TBIO Aton and TBIO Mestre stood out for being classified in the statistical groups with the highest resistance to blast for the four variables considered in the study. The correlation between blast severity on spikes at 5, 7 and 11 dai and Rscon was not significant.

A utilização de cultivares de trigo resistentes é estratégia fundamental para minimizar danos causados pela brusone, doença causada pelo fungo Pyricularia oryzae Triticum (PoT). O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar (a) a reação à brusone de cultivares brasileiras de trigo e (b) verificar a correlação entre a severidade dos sintomas na espiga e a “taxa de esporulação de conídios de PoT em ráquis de espigas de trigo” (Txcon). Plantas de 16 cultivares de trigo foram conduzidas em casa-de-vegetação até o florescimento (estádio 65 da escala de Zadoks), quando as espigas das mesmas foram submetidas à inoculação com uma suspensão formada pela mistura de conídios de três isolados de PoT. As variáveis avaliadas foram a severidade de brusone nas espigas aos cinco, sete e 11 dias após a inoculação (dai) e a Txcon. A Txcon foi determinada de forma individualizada para os ráquis. Foram realizadas análises de correlação entre as médias de severidade de brusone nas espigas das cultivares aos cinco, sete e 11 dai e o log das Txcon. As cultivares ORS Feroz, ORS Destak, CD 116, ORS 1403, ORS 1401, TBIO Aton e TBIO Mestre se destacaram por terem sido classificadas nos grupos estatísticos de maior resistência à brusone para as quatro variáveis consideradas no estudo. Verificou-se a existência de correlação entre a severidade de brusone nas espigas aos 5, 7 e 11 dai e Txcon.

Pyricularia oryzae Triticum (PoT) is known to survive in wheat seeds and this condition favors its spread. There are, however, many gaps in knowledge regarding the damage caused by this pathogen in relation to the establishment and sanity of wheat seedlings. The objective of this study was to determine whether there is a correlation between incidence of PoT in wheat seeds and variables associated with the establishment and the sanity of the produced seedlings. Seven samples of wheat seeds naturally infected with the pathogen were used. The incidence of PoT in each of the seed samples was determined via the Blotter test, indicating a variation from 0 to 80.5%. The seeds of each sample were sown in 500 mL plastic pots containing autoclaved sand and the seedlings produced were evaluated in relation to the following aspects; emergency, height, lesions in different segments, mortality, abnormalities and transmissibility of symptoms. The study demonstrated that there is a correlation between incidence of PoT in wheat seeds and the following variables related to the seedlings produced; height at 7 days after sowing (DAS), incidence and severity of symptoms at 7, 14 and 21 DAS, and mortality at 14 and 21 DAS. The results confirmed that the establishment and sanity of wheat seedlings directly depend on incidence of PoT in the seeds.

Sabe-se que Pyricularia oryzae Triticum (PoT) sobrevive nas sementes de trigo e esta condição favorece sua disseminação. Há, porém, muitas lacunas no conhecimento relativo aos danos causados por este patógeno em relação ao estabelecimento e à sanidade das plântulas de trigo. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar se existe correlação entre incidência de PoT em sementes de trigo e variáveis associadas ao estabelecimento e à sanidade das plântulas geradas. Foram utilizadas sete amostras de sementes de trigo naturalmente infectadas com o patógeno. A incidência de PoT em cada uma das amostras de sementes foi determinada via Blotter test indicando variação de 0 a 80,5%. As sementes de cada amostra foram semeadas em copos plásticos de 500 mL contendo areia autoclavada e as plântulas produzidas foram avaliadas em relação aos seguintes aspectos; emergência, altura, lesões em diferentes segmentos, mortalidade, anormalidades e transmissibilidade de sintomas. O estudo demonstrou que existe correlação entre a incidência de PoT em sementes de trigo e as seguintes variáveis relativas às plântulas produzidas; altura aos 7 dias após a semeadura (DAS), incidência e severidade de sintomas aos 7, 14 e 21 DAS, e mortalidade aos 14 e 21 DAS. Os resultados confirmaram que o estabelecimento e a sanidade das plântulas de trigo dependem diretamente da incidência de PoT nas sementes.

RESUMEN El pulgón Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) es considerado una de las principales plagas en cultivos de tabaco. Conocer sus enemigos naturales, como las avispas parasitoides, es el primer paso para desarrollar estrategias de manejo para el control biológico de los pulgones utilizando agentes locales. Para el éxito en la utilización de esta herramienta, se debe tener en cuenta algunos factores ambientales como la tolerancia térmica. En ese sentido, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo realizar una evaluación de la ocurrencia de los parasitoides de M. persicae asociados al cultivo del tabaco en el estado de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, así como, evaluar la influencia de la temperatura en la ocurrencia de estas especies parasitoides. Durante cuatro temporadas de cultivo, se realizaron colectas de hojas de tabaco infestadas con pulgones en 42 ciudades de Rio Grande do Sul. Las hojas con pulgones fueron acondicionadas en recipientes plásticos por diez días, para posterior identificación y verificación de la emergencia de los parasitoides. Se muestrearon un total de 2963 individuos emergidos, de dos especies: 78% a Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) y 22% a Praon volucre (Holiday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). De las 42 ciudades muestreadas, se detectó la presencia de parasitoides en 25 de ellas. En las condiciones en que se realizó el estudio, se constató que la temperatura ejerció influencia directa sobre las poblaciones de parasitoides de M. persicae. Los individuos de P. volucre ocurrieron preferentemente en temperaturas inferiores a los 22 °C, a diferencia de A. colemani, que presentaron preferencia por temperaturas mayores a los 22 °C, observándose una tolerancia térmica diferente entre las dos especies.

ABSTRACT The aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is considered one of the main pests in tobacco crops. By knowing their natural enemies, such as parasitoid wasp, is the first step to develop management strategies for the biological control of the aphids using local agents. For the success of using this tool, it must be considered some environmental factors like thermal tolerance. Therefore, the objective of this work was to survey the occurrence of the parasitoids of M. persicae associated with tobacco crops in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, as well as to evaluate the influence of temperature on the occurrence of these parasitoid species. During four crop seasons, tobacco leaves infested with aphids were collected in 42 cities of Rio Grande do Sul. The leaves with aphids were conditioned in plastic containers for ten days for later screening and verification of parasitoids' emergence. In total, 2963 individuals of two emerging species were sampled: 78% were Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and 22% were Praon volucre (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Among the 42 cities sampled, the occurrence of parasitoids was detected in 25 of them. Under the conditions of this study, it was confirmed the influence of the temperature on the populations of the parasitoids of M. persicae. Individuals of P. volucre occurred preferably in temperatures below 22 °C, unlike to A. colemani, which preferred higher temperatures, above 22 °C, showing a different thermal tolerance between both species.

<sec><title>Introduction</title><p> Literature data are not conclusive as to the influence of neonatal complications in the maturational process of the auditory system observed by auditory brainstem response (ABR) in infants at term and preterm.</p></sec><sec><title>Objectives</title><p> Check the real influence of the neonatal complications in infants by the sequential auditory evaluation.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p> Historical cohort study in a tertiary referral center. A total of 114 neonates met inclusion criteria: treatment at the Universal Neonatal Hearing Screening Program of the local hospital; at least one risk indicator for hearing loss; presence in both evaluations (the first one after hospital discharge from the neonatal unit and the second one at 6 months old); all latencies in ABR and transient otoacoustic emissions present in both ears.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p> The complications that most influenced the ABR findings were Apgar scores less than 6 at 5 minutes, gestational age, intensive care unit stay, peri-intraventricular hemorrhage, and mechanical ventilation.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p> Sequential auditory evaluation is necessary in premature and term newborns with risk indicators for hearing loss to correctly identify injuries in the auditory pathway.</p></sec>

Introduction The first locus for nonsyndromic autosomal recessive hearing loss is on chromosome 13q11-22. The 35delGmutation is present in 80% of cases in which GJB2 is involved, which makes the study of this mutation very important. The viability and benefits of screening for mutations in the connexin 26 gene are now beginning to change the diagnostic evaluation and identification of the etiology of hearing loss. Objective To investigate the occurrence of the 35delG mutation in patients with nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss and their first degree relatives. Methods This transversal study included 72 patients from the local hospital. The patients were divided into three groups: group A, sensorineural hearing loss (n = 58); group B, first-degree relatives of group A with sensorineural hearing loss (n = 09); and group C, first-degree relatives of patients from group A without hearing loss (n = 05). All patients had audiological evaluation and genetic testing of the 35delG mutation. Results The 35delG mutation was found in four heterozygous mutations (three of them found in the same family). The other heterozygous mutation was found in a female patient with bilateral, moderate, prelingual, sensorineural hearing loss. A single homozygous mutation was found in a male patient, with severe sensorineural hearing loss in his right ear and profound hearing loss in the left ear. Conclusions The 35delG mutation was found in 7% of the cases. The test is easy to perform and inexpensive, but it is necessary to investigate other genes related to hearing loss.